Frequently Asked Questions on IVF treatment answered by Dr. Charles MPL.
If you have any questions or concerns about various aspects of IVF treatment, you may like to look at the following questions and answers. Please scroll down to see all the questions.
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IVF treatment with Dr. Charles MPL (Bayi tabung dengan Dr. Charles MPL) |
Pertanyaan-pertanyaan
yang sering ditanyakan mengenai pengobatan IVF
Jika
anda mempunyai pertanyaan dan kekuatiran mengenai berbagai aspek dari pengobatan
IVF, anda dipersilahkan melihat pada pertanyaan dan jawaban berikut di bawah ini.
Silahkan
melihat ke
bawah untuk
mengetahui semua pertanyaan.
What are
the causes
of infertility?
Approximately
40% is
of male origin,
40% of
female origin
and in 20 %
there is
no obvious identifiable
cause. Many
couples have
combined male
and female
causes.
The
male causes
result in
a reduction
in quality
and quantity
of sperms.
The
female causes
can include one
or more
of the
following:
Endometriosis
Ovulation defects
including polycystic
ovarian disease (PCO).
Fallopian tube
blockage or
disease.
What is
fertility counseling?
One
form of
fertility counseling
occurs when
you have
a private discussion
with a
sympathetic nurse
counselor. You
share with
her your
feelings and
concerns about
your fertility
status, the
treatment program
and your
chances for
pregnancy. She
will listen
patiently to
you and
answer your
questions as
best she
can. She
will assist
you in
resolving your
concerns and
enable you
to decide on
the next
course of
action.
What is
the available
range of
fertility treatment?
The
treatment of
choice is
to treat
the underlying
cause.
For example, if
your problem
is infrequent
ovulation, ovulation
induction is
the appropriate choice. If
you have PCO, Metformin will be
helpful. However in
many instances,
this may
not result
in pregnancy
even though
several cycles
of ovulation
induction have
been attempted.
It is
at this
time that
IVF may
be appropriate.
If you have
endometriosis, then the
preferred treatment
is to
clear the
pelvis of
the disease by
first suppressing ovulation
with
Depot Lucrin
followed by laparoscopic removal of
cysts and
destruction of
endometriotic deposits.
If conception
does not
occur after
six months
of trying,
it would
be logical
to try
additional treatments.
One is
to employ ovulation
induction in
the hope of
increasing the
chance for
pregnancy. The
other is to
resort to
IVF.
If you have
fallopian tube
disease, this
can sometimes
be corrected
by laparoscopic surgery. However
in instances
when the tubal disease is severe,
it may be
more
effective to
achieve pregnancy with IVF.
Nevertheless, laparoscopic removal of
dilated hydrosalpinges prior to IVF would
optimize the outcome.
If
your husband
has a
low sperm
count, a
sperm enhancing
regimen can
be tried.
Intra-uterine insemination (IUI) is
an option
as well.
However, if
there are
only very
few sperms,
the only
remaining avenue
would be
to resort
to IVF
with intra-cytoplasmic
sperm injection
(ICSI). Even
when there is
absence of
sperms in
the semen (azoospermia),
but some
live sperms
retrievable from
the testis,
pregnancy can
still be
achieved by
ICSI.
When
there are
no eggs left
in the
ovaries or
if there
is no
sperm production
in the testes, the
last resort
is to
consider use
of eggs
or sperm
from donors.
What is
In Vitro
Fertilization?
In-vitro
fertilization (IVF) is
a process
in which
your eggs
collected from
your ovaries
are mixed
with your
husband’s sperms
in a test tube or plastic dish
with the
objective of
one sperm
entering one
egg and
combining to
produce one
embryo. One
to three
embryos are
then placed
in your
uterus for
implantation and
development into
one or
more babies.
IVF
is recommended
if you are
unable to
conceive in
the normal way
or when
other treatments
have not succeeded
in producing
the baby
that you
so earnestly
desire.
(See
Simplified IVF
ICSI protocol)
(See
ICSI, fertilized egg and embryo)
(See IVF babies and children)
What tests
must I
take before I
can receive
IVF treatment
in Singapore?
Tests for human
immune deficiency
virus (HIV),
syphilis and
hepatitis B
virus are
required for
you and
your husband
and should
be done
in a
laboratory in
Singapore within
the six
months preceding
the IVF
attempt. You
should also
be tested
for German
Measles (Rubella).
Protective immunization
would be
offered to
you if
you are not
immune.
Optional
but preferred
tests are
hemoglobin, hemoglobin
electrophoresis, blood group,
Toxoplasma IgM,
pap smear
and swab
form your
cervix for Chlamydia. Your husband
should have
his semen
cultured for
bacteria and
Mycoplasma.
On your first
or second
menstrual day,
your Follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH)
level is
measured to
determine the
appropriate starting
dose of
ovarian stimulation
medicine.
What is
the significance
of a
raised basal
follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH)
level?
A
raised basal
FSH level
means that
the number
of eggs
remaining in
the ovary
is reduced.
A higher
dose of
ovarian stimulation
medicine would
be required
to produce
ripe eggs.
Even so,
some of
the eggs
may be
sub-optimal in
quality.
If
the level
is very
high and
in the
menopausal range,
this indicates
that there
are no
eggs left
in the
ovary which are
capable of ripening. Using eggs
from
an egg
donor may
be a
more effective approach.
What is
a Follicle?
This
is a
fluid filled
structure which
houses the
developing egg (oocyte).
The covering
of the
follicle contains
cells which
produce the
female hormone
(estrogen) called
Estradiol 17beta. After release
of the
egg (ovulation), these hormone producing cells switch
to producing the implantation supporting hormone
called Progesterone.
This structure is yellow
in color and is called
the Corpus Luteum.
What are
the medicines
used for
fertility treatment
in IVF?
In
one IVF
approach, 0.1ml of
Lucrin is injected daily
under the skin of your tummy (abdomen) daily
from about day 21 of the preparation cycle
until the day of the HCG trigger. .
This medicine suppresses your pituitary
gland in your brain from producing
the triggering Luteinizing hormone (LH).
This prevents spontaneous LH surge
from interfering with the timing of
egg collection.
In
the actual IVF cycle, Follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH)
(Gonal F) 150 to 600 units is
injected under
the skin of your tummy daily
ten or eleven days in
order for
you to produce multiple
eggs for
collection. After seven
days of injections, you will have your
blood taken for assessment of the
estrogen hormone level and an ultrasound
scan is performed to look for the
number and size of your follicles.
When
it judged
that your
follicles are
mature, a
triggering dose
of Human
chorionic gonadotrophin
(HCG) (Pregnyl)
10,000 units, which
mimics natural
LH, is
injected at about
11 pm at
night. This
completes the
final ripening
of your
eggs.
After oocyte recovery, you
will be given
an implantation promoting hormone, progesterone
(Crinone) 90mg to insert into the
vagina two times a day
for twenty days.. This
increases the
receptivity of
the internal
lining of
your uterus
(endometrium) to
your embryos.
For
cases where hyper-stimulation is anticipated, instead of HCG, luteal phase
support is augmented with Estradiol valerate (Progynova) 2mg, two tablets three
times a day from the day after egg collection for the next 20 days. Luteal phase
support is also augmented by oral Duphaston 10mg three times a day for the next
20 days.
These
medicines have
been specially
selected because
of a
favorable record
of giving
consistent and
optimal response
for IVF.
What are
some of
the complications of
treatment by
IVF?
A
complication is an
undesirable effect
associated with
treatment.
The main
complication of IVF
is ovarian
hyperstimulation syndrome
(OHSS).
The second
complication is multiple
pregnancy with
more than
twins. Eg
triplets, quadruplets etc.
The third
is ectopic
pregnancy. The
other rare
complications include bleeding
and infection
from the
needle puncture
at egg
collection.
What are
some side
effects of
ovarian stimulation
medicines?
The
most important
is ovarian
hyperstimulation syndrome
(OHSS).
The second
is multiple
pregnancy.
The other
complications result from
an enlarged ovary.
It may
twist upon
itself and
result in
torsion, or
it may bleed or
rupture, requiring
operation. Sometimes
a functional
cyst persists
after the
cycle is
over.
What is
Ovarian Hyperstimulation
Syndrome (OHSS)?
This is a
condition in
which many
follicles are
produced and
cause accumulation of fluid
in the
abdomen and
sometimes in
the chest.
The abdominal
fluid causes
bloating. The
fluid in
the chest
causes breathlessness.
This condition is
usually temporary.
However women
with poly cystic
ovaries have
an increased
sensitivity to
FSH and
are more
susceptible to
severe hyperstimulation.
Sometimes, admission
to hospital
is required
and drainage
of the
accumulated fluid
from the
abdomen and
occasionally from the
chest may
be done. Treatment
with concentrated
albumin infusion
is effective
in correcting
this condition.
The preferred
approach is
to avoid this
complication of IVF. If
there are
numerous growing
follicles, one
way is
to cancel the
cycle by
omitting the
HCG trigger.
In this
approach as
there is
almost no
risk of
hyperstimulation. A
fresh cycle
can be
started with
a lower
dose of
FSH.
Another way
is to
proceed with
the HCG
trigger (5,000 units), harvest
all the
follicles and
freeze store
the embryos
for future
transfer. This
avoids further
aggravation of
OHSS if
pregnancy occurs
in the same
cycle.
For
cases where hyper-stimulation is anticipated, the triggering dose of HCG (Pregnyl)
is reduced to 5,000 units. No further HCG is given. Instead, luteal phase
support is augmented with Estradiol valerate (Progynova) 2mg, two tablets three
times a day from the day after egg collection for the next 20 days. Luteal phase
support is also augmented by oral Duphaston 10mg three times a day for the next
20 days.
When do
I know
that my
eggs are
ripe?
When
two or
more of
your leading
follicles are
20mm or more
in average
diameter and
if your Estradiol
level is
about 1,000 pmol
per Lit
for each
large follicle,
your eggs
are mature
enough to
have the
HCG trigger
injection. Usually
there will
be clear
mucus from
your vagina
and the
ultrasound scan
would show
an endometrial
thickness in
excess of 8mm.
What happens
at egg
collection?
You
will not
have food
nor drink
for six
hours before
the procedure.
You will
empty your
bladder and
be placed
under a
short general
anesthesia for
usually less
than fifteen
minutes. A
14 gauge needle
will be
inserted under
vaginal probe
ultrasound scanning.
The follicles
will be
emptied systematically
and the
aspirated fluid
will be
examined under
a dissecting
microscope for
the cumulus- oocyte complex. Antibiotics
will be
given and
after a five
hour rest, you can go home. You
may experience
a little
lower abdominal
discomfort for
a short
while and
some pain
relief medicine
will be
given to
you to bring home.
There may
be some bleeding
from the
vagina after
egg collection.
This is
usually minimal
and would
stop within
two days.
What is
ICSI?
Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm
Injection (ICSI)
is a
modification of
IVF.
ICSI is a
procedure in
which one
immobilized sperm
is sucked
into a
very narrow
pipette and
then injected
inside the
egg, allowing
fertilization to
take place.
It
is usually
employed when
sperms are
unable to
enter eggs
by their
own power.
Most
forms of
male infertility
can be
solved by
use of ICSI and
sperm donation
is less
necessary.
ICSI
can also
be used
to maximize
the yield
of embryos.
(See
ICSI, fertilized egg and embryo)
What is
Assisted hatching?
Some
women have
egg shells
(zona pellucida) which
are hard
and which
may prevent
the developing
embryo from
hatching and
implanting in
the uterus. In
order to
assist in
hatching, an
opening is
made in
the shell
of the
egg. This
can be done either
mechanically, optically (laser)
or chemically
(acid).
In ICSI
cases, the
egg shell has already
been weakened
by the
insertion of
the sperm
injecting pipette.
In theory, this
would allow
hatching to
occur more
easily.
Can my
eggs be
fertilized?
Fertilization
depends on
the quality of
the eggs
and sperm.
With ICSI,
the main
variable is
egg quality.
Egg quality depends
on your
age and
basal FSH
level. Fertilization is increased
with ICSI.
What is
Embryo transfer?
This
is the
process in
which fertilized
eggs are
placed inside
your uterus
using a
flexible catheter
(Wallace). This
procedure is
painless. Insertion
of the catheter is
done slowly.
Sometimes it
may be necessary to
use a
firmer catheter
(Cook K Jet) and ultrasound
guidance to
insert the
catheter. Removal
of the
catheter is
also done
slowly. After
the catheter
is removed,
it is
checked under
the microscope
to ensure
that all
the embryos
have been
placed in
the uterus.
What is
the Ideal
Number of
embryos to
be transferred?
Usually
two embryos
are placed
inside your
uterus at
a time. This
is because
the chance
of pregnancy
is low
when only
one embryo
is transferred.
On the
other hand,
there is
the possibility of
a triplet
pregnancy with
three embryos
transferred. Triplet pregnancy
carries a
higher chance
of premature
delivery and
should be
avoided.
The actual decision
in each
case would
depend on
various factors.
The transfer
of three
embryos is
considered if
you are
above the
age of
37, have
a raised
basal FSH
level, or
have been
unsuccessful in
previous attempts
at IVF.
Is Bed
Rest necessary
after embryo
transfer?
There
does not appear to
be any
difference in
the chance
of pregnancy
whether there
is bed rest or
not. However,
it is
preferred that
you do
not to engage
in strenuous
activities.
Can I
have Sex
with my
husband during
the two
weeks after
embryo transfer?
It
has not
been proven
that avoiding
coitus during
the two
weeks after
embryo transfer
makes any
difference to
the chance
of pregnancy.
However most
couples prefer
to abstain
from coitus.
What is
Implantation?
This
is the
process by which
the hatched
embryo attaches
itself to
the internal
lining of
your uterus
and starts
to take
nutrition and
oxygen from
you. This
takes place
a few days after
embryo transfer
and you
will not
be able to
feel it.
What does
it mean
if I
have slight
bleeding during
the 14
days after
embryo transfer?
Bleeding
may be
due to implantation of the
embryo or
detachment of
the embryo
or early
menses. It
is preferred that
you do the urine
test for
pregnancy at
the designated
time (usually
fourteen days
after embryo
transfer) in
order to
clarify the
reason for
the bleeding.
When is
the earliest
time I
can do a urine
test for
pregnancy?
It
is preferred
that the
urine test
for pregnancy
be done
sixteen days
after the
embryo transfer.
Doing it
earlier may
produce a
negative result
even if
you are actually
pregnant because
the level
of HCG from the
very early
pregnancy is
not sufficient
to show
up in
the urine
test. On
the other hand,
if you
are given
implantation (Luteal)
phase support
in the
form of
injections of
HCG (Profasi), you
may get
a positive result
even if you
are actually
not pregnant.
Hence,
it can
be misleading to
do the
urine pregnancy
test too
early.
What
is Embryo
freezing and
storage?
This
is the
process in
which your
excess embryos
are bought
down to
minus 196 degrees
Celsius, the
temperature of
liquid Nitrogen
to be
stored for
future thaw
and embryo
transfer. The embryos
are first
placed in
straws in
ones and
twos together with cryo-preservative. The
straws are
then placed
in a special programmed
freezing machine
which will
bring the
temperature of
the embryos to
minus 150
degrees Celsius.
The embryos
are then
plunged into
the container of
liquid Nitrogen.
Theoretically, at
minus 196
degrees Celsius,
the embryos
can survive
indefinitely. In practice,
they are
thawed and
used for
transfer within
five years.
Can my
frozen embryos
survive storage?
The
quality of
your embryos
is the main determinant
for survival
and implantation. Expected survival
is about
eighty per
cent. Quality
of embryos
is determined
largely by
the quality
of your
eggs (oocytes).
How
do I
undergo a
Thawed embryo
transfer in
a natural cycle?
If you
have a regular ovulatory
cycle. One
way is
to test
your urine
twice daily
from day
12 to
day 16 for
the Luteinizing
hormone surge.
This would
show as
a definite double
line in
a plastic cassette.
You will
be given
an injection
of HCG 10,000
units (Pregnyl) under your skin of
your tummy .
If
your embryos
have been
frozen at
the 6 or 8
cell stage,
transfer will
take place
five days
after the
injection.
On
the day
of transfer, you
will have
a trans abdominal ultrasound
scan to
determine the
position of
your uterus
and the
length of
the cavity.
The
number of
embryos to
be transferred